Annals of Otology Rhinology
Journal of Otology & Rhinology (JOR) is a hybrid open access international journal which is distributed all over the globe. The Journal focuses on audiology, speech therapy, oral and neck oncology, neurotology, otolaryngology and Sleep Apnea disorders. Otology is a branch of medicine which studies normal and pathological anatomy and physiology of the ear (hearing and vestibular sensory systems and related structures and functions) as well as their diseases, diagnosis and treatment. Rhinology refers to a subspecialty within the field of otolaryngology (ENT) focused on the treatment of diseases and disorders affecting the nasal cavity and sinuses. This... Read More
The aim of this study is to ascertain general public awareness and knowledge of physiotherapy in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The authors built a cross-sectional sample using an auto-administered questionnaire. The research was conducted between June and August 2018 where the questionnaire was planted online and invitation to participate in the research along with an description of its significance, and a link to the questionnaire was sent to individuals via various social media platforms. To know more follow https://www.scitechnol.com/peer-review/awareness-and-knowledge-of-physical-therapy-among-saudi-arabia-adult-population-Rbhw.php?article_id=9148 Contribute your work https://www.scitechnol.com/submission/... 
The Journal focuses on effects, fate, green pharmacy, occurrence, risk, sustainable pharmacy.Pharmaceuticalsarechemicalsthatareusedbecauseoftheirbiological activity.Theyareoftenexcretedunchangedandcanreachtheenvironment. Throughout developed countries, the pharmaceutical concentrations in the aquatic environment are in the same range (μgL −1 and below); however, it is not clear whether this holds for less-developed countries too. The health risks of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs)remainpoorlyunderstood.Althoughtherearenoknownshorttermeffectsonhumans,long-termeffectscannotberuledoutuntilthere is more research. The significance of metabolites and transformation productsresultingfromtheparentAPIsisnotyetknown.Awarenessof thepresenceofpharmaceuticalsintheenvironment,coupledwithsome evidence of effects, suggests that precautionary management action to reduce the release of pharmaceuticals to the environment should be considered. As for effluent treatment, no technology works well for all compounds. Advanced effluent treatment is not sustainable because... 
Fluorine substituents have become a widespread and important drug component, their introduction facilitated by the development of safe and selective fluorinating agents. Organofluorine affects nearly all physical and adsorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion properties of a lead compound. Its inductive effects are relatively well understood, enhancing bioavailability, for example, by reducing the basicity of neighboring amines. In contrast, exploration of the specific influence of carbon-fluorine single bonds on docking interactions, whether through direct contact with the protein or through stereoelectronic effects on molecular conformation of the drug, has only recently begun. Here, we review experimental progress in this vein and... 
Once a poorly defined pathologic oddity, in recent years, gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) has emerged as a distinct oncogenetic entity that is now center stage in clinical trials of kinase-targeted therapies. This review charts the rapid progress that has established GIST as a model for understanding the role of oncogenic kinase mutations in human tumorigenesis. Approximately 80% to 85% of GISTs harbor activating mutations of the KIT tyrosine kinase. In a series of 322 GISTs (including 140 previously published cases) studied by the authors in detail, mutations in the KIT gene occurred with decreasing frequency in exons 11 (66.1%), 9... 
The problems of experimental and theoretical investigation and analysis of granulometric composition of granules in granulation processes of powdered superphosphates in drum apparatus are considered. The theoretical investigation has been constructed on analytical decision of Fokker-Planck stochastic equation defining evolution of the distribution function of granules on sizes. Know more about it https://www.scitechnol.com/peer-review/theoretical-and-experimental-investigation-on-granulation-processes-of-powdered-materials-in-cylindrical-granulator-rOhb.php?article_id=7570 Contribute your work related to chemistry and chemical engineering through email: chemistry@peerjournal.org or online link https://www.scitechnol.com/submission/ you can also go for membership.... 
The Journal focuses on infant vomiting, cyclic vomiting syndrome, functional dyspepsia in children, irritable bowel syndrome in children, functional abdominal pain in children, functional diarrhea in children, functional constipation in children, and Rome II.This is the first attempt at defining criteriaforfunctionalgastrointestinaldisorders (FGIDs) in infancy,childhood,and adolescence. The decision-making process was as for adults and consisted of arriving at consensus, based on clinical experience. This paper is intended to be a quick reference. The classification system selected diVers from the one used in the adult population in that it is organized according to main complaints instead of being organ-targeted.Because the child is still... 
Research that studies the relationship between management control systems (MCS) and business strategy. Empirical research studies that use contingency approaches and case study applica- tions are examin ed focusing on specific aspects of MCS and their relationship with strategy. These aspects include cost control orientation, performance evaluation and reward systems, the effect of resource shar- ing, the role of MCS in influencing strategic change and the choice of interactive and diagnostic controls. More contemporary approaches to the relationship between performance measurement systems and strat- egy are also considered. It is concluded that our knowledge of the relationship between MCS and... 
A tiny, caterpillar-like robot is being developed by researchers in China — to help deliver therapeutic drugs inside the human body. With soft, flexible legs similar to a real caterpillar, it can carry heavy-weight loads 100 times heavier than itself — the equivalent strength of a human able to lift a 26 seat mini-bus. Plus it can adapt to difficult + uneven terrain. The prototype could pave the way for advances in bio-medicine: such as drug delivery. Before conducting tests in animals — and eventually in humans — the research team is experimenting with new shapes, finding a bio-degradable material for... 
As the amount of time employees spend at their desks increases, so does musculoskeletal discomfort and other health issues associated with the office environment. A research demonstrates that a comprehensive and proactive workplace ergonomics program can help to prevent discomfort and injury. You are invited to share your relevant works at 
ALS causes a slow weakening of the motor neurons, and then death. Motor nerves spread through the entire body from the brain to the spinal cord to muscles. They stop sending signals to the muscles when motor neurons are impaired, so that the muscles can't function. In 5% to 10% of citizens ALS is hereditary. ALS is the most common degenerative disease of motor neuron system. While ALS is incurable and fatal, care may prolong the duration and positive quality of life for patients, with median survival of 3 years. Drugs and therapy can slow down ALS and minimize pain,... 
Codeine Codeine is an opiate used to treat pain, coughing, and diarrhea.It is typically used to treat mild to moderate degrees of pain. Greater benefit may occur when combined with paracetamol (acetaminophen) or a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) such as aspirin or ibuprofen.Evidence does not support its use for acute cough suppression in children or adults.In Europe, it is not recommended as a cough medicine in those under 12 years of age.It is generally taken by mouth. It typically starts working after half an hour, with maximum effect at two hours. Its effects last for about four to six... 
MORPHIINE Morphine is a pain medication of the opiate family which is found naturally in a number of plants and animals, including humans. It acts directly on the central nervous system (CNS) to decrease the feeling of pain. It can be taken for both acute pain and chronic pain.[6] It is frequently used for pain from myocardial infarction and during labor.[6] It can be given by mouth, by injection into a muscle, by injection under the skin, intravenously, injection into the space around the spinal cord, or rectally.Maximum effect is reached after about 20 minutes when given intravenously and after 60 miNutes... 
The first class on converters has been called a way of enticing control and electronics students into the power area via the "back door". The power electronics field is quite broad, and includes fundamentals in the areas of ● Converter circuits and electronics ● Control systems ● Magnetics ● Power applications ● Design-oriented analysis For subscription or submission of articles Contact induselectron@peerjournal.org Or you can Contact on +1-579-679-8957.... 
Neuroelectric and imaging studies of meditation are reviewed. Electroencephalographic measures indicate an overall slowing subsequent to meditation, with theta and alpha activation related to proficiency of practice. Sensory evoked potential assessment of concentrative meditation yields amplitude and latency changes for some components and practices. Cognitive event-related potential evaluation of meditation implies that practice changes attentional allocation. Neuroimaging studies indicate increased regional cerebral blood flow measures during meditation. Taken together, meditation appears to reflect changes in anterior cingulate cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal areas. Neurophysiological meditative state and trait effects are variable but are beginning to demonstrate consistent outcomes for research and clinical applications. Psychological and... 
The Journal focuses on Bioactive compound, Plant Extraction, Isolation, Herbal preparations, and Natural products.Natural products from medicinal plants, either as pure compounds or as standardized extracts, provide unlimited opportunities for new drug leads because of the unmatched availability of chemical diversity. Due to an increasing demand for chemical diversity in screening programs, seeking therapeutic drugs from natural products, interest particularly in edible plants has grown throughout the world. Botanicals and herbal preparations for medicinal usage contain various types of bioactive compounds. The focus of this paper is on the analytical methodologies, which include the extraction, isolation and characterization... 
Trauma is the response to a deeply distressing or disturbing event that overwhelms an individual’s ability to cope, causes feelings of helplessness, diminishes their sense of self and their ability to feel the full range of emotions and experiences. It does not discriminate and it is pervasive throughout the world. A World Mental Health survey conducted by the World Health Organization found that at least a third of the more than 125,000 people surveyed in 26 different countries had experienced trauma. That number rose to 70% when the group was limited to people experiencing core disorders as defined by the... 
Analytical chemistry studies and uses instruments and methods used to 
A microbial biosensor is an analytical device that couples microorganisms with a transducer to enable rapid, accurate and sensitive detection of target analytes in fields as diverse as medicine, environmental monitoring, defense, food processing and safety. The earlier microbial biosensors used the respiratory and metabolic functions of the microorganisms to detect a substance that is either a substrate or an inhibitor of these processes. Recently, genetically engineered microorganisms based on fusing of gene reporters to an inducible gene promoter have been widely applied to assay toxicity and bioavailability. This paper reviews the recent trends in the development and application of... 
A permanent pacemaker is a small device that is implanted under the skin and sends electrical signals to start or regulate a slow heartbeat. A permanent pacemaker may be used to stimulate the heartbeat if the heart's natural pacemaker (the sinoatrial, or SA, node) is not functioning properly, has developed an abnormal heart rate or rhythm, or if the electrical pathways are blocked. Children's pacemakers may be placed under the skin in one of several locations. Young children (infants, toddler, preschool, and young school-aged children) often have the pacemaker generator placed in the abdomen, since the fatty tissue found there... 
Narcotics The term narcotic originally referred medically to any psychoactive compound with sleep-inducing properties, and euphoric properties as well. In the United States, it has since become associated with opiates and opioids, commonly morphine and heroin, as well as derivatives of many of the compounds found within raw opium latex. The primary three are morphine, codeine, and thebaine (while thebaine itself is only very mildly psychoactive, it is a crucial precursor in the vast majority of semi-synthetic opioids, such as oxycodone or hydrocodone). Legally speaking, the term "narcotic" may be imprecisely defined and typically has negative connotations.When used in a legal context in the U.S., a narcotic drug is one that is totally prohibited, such as heroin, or one that... 
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Physical chemistry is the study of how matter behaves on a molecular and atomic level and how chemical reactions occur. Based on their analyses, physical chemists may develop new theories, such as how complex structures are formed. Physical chemists often work closely with materials scientists to research and develop potential uses for new materials. Physical chemistry has traditionally given students broad training, and positioned them to work in a variety of scientific careers. Many people trained as physical chemists ultimately work as analytical chemists, where they work to understand the fundamental process involved in analytical techniques, allowing them to enhance... 
Advances in Food Bioprocess Technology provide us effective and timely material about cutting-edge high original papers in chemical engineering and sciences for all types of food products. Advances in Food Bioprocess Technology journals covers and examines the processing technology for ripening, quality, agriculture, horticulture products. A negative, public reaction is growing over the addition of chemical preservatives to liquid foods and beverages to extend their shelf life and to protect against foodborne pathogens. As a physical method, ultraviolet light (UV) irradiation has a positive consumer image and is of interest to the food industry as a low cost non-thermal method... 
What Is a Heart Transplant? A 
Organic chemistry is the study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation of carbon-containing compounds, which include not only hydrocarbons but also compounds with any number of other elements, including hydrogen (most compounds contain at least one carbon–hydrogen bond), nitrogen, oxygen, halogens, phosphorus, silicon, and sulfur. 
Antibodies, also referred to as immunoglobulins, are glycoproteins naturally produced in response to invading foreign particles (antigens) such as microorganisms and viruses. As such, they play a critical role in the immune system’s defense against infection and disease. Antigens recognized and bound by antibodies can be proteins such as receptors expressed on cancer cells, sugars on bacterial and viral cell surfaces, hormones, chemical compounds, or nucleic acid structures. The region of an antigen that interacts with an antibody is called the epitope. 
Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are the most common type of birth defect. As medical care and treatment have advanced, babies with a CHD are living longer and healthier lives. Learn more facts about CHDs below. CHDs are present at birth and can affect the structure of a baby’s heart and the way it works. They can affect how blood flows through the heart and out to the rest of the body. CHDs can vary from mild (such as a small hole in the heart) to severe (such as missing or poorly formed parts of the heart).
Pharmaceutics is the discipline of pharmacy that deals with all facets of the process of turning a new chemical entity (NCE) into a safe and effective medication. Pharmaceutics is the science of dosage form design. Pharmaceutics deals with the formulation of a pure drug substance into a dosage form. Pharmaceutics is a subject that is included in all four years of B.Pharm. Apart from this, Pharmaceutics department handles the following subjects: Physical Pharmacy: This subject deals with application of physical chemical principles to problems in the pharmaceutical sciences. 
Most chemical changes in a cell result from chains and cycles of biochemical reactions, with each step controlled by a separate, specific enzyme Metabolism is the totality of the chemical reactions which occur within a cell, and can be divided into two types: Anabolic reactions involve the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones and usually require energy to form new bonds (endergonic) Catabolic reactions involve the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones and usually release energy from breaking bonds (exergonic). 
What Is Atherosclerosis is a disease in which plaque builds up inside your arteries. Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood to your heart and other parts of your body. Plaque is made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances found in the blood. Over time, plaque hardens and narrows your arteries. This limits the flow of oxygen-rich blood to your organs and other parts of your body. Atherosclerosis can lead to serious problems, including heart attack, stroke, or even death. Major Risk Factors Unhealthy blood cholesterol levels. This includes high LDL cholesterol (sometimes called "bad" cholesterol) and low... 
Virology is the study of viral – submicroscopic, parasitic particles of genetic material contained in a protein coat and virus-like agents. It focuses on the following aspects of viruses: their structure, classification and evolution, their ways to infect and exploit host cells for reproduction, their interaction with host organism physiology and immunity, the diseases they cause, the techniques to isolate and culture them, and their use in research and therapy. Virology is considered to be a subfield of microbiology or of medicine. A major branch of virology is virus classification. Viruses can be classified according to the host cell they... 
A unicellular organism, also known as a single-celled organism, is an organism that consists of a single cell, unlike a multicellular organism that consists of multiple cells. Unicellular organisms fall into two general categories: prokaryotic organisms and eukaryotic organisms. Prokaryotes include bacteria and archaea. Many eukaryotes are multicellular, but the group includes the protozoa, unicellular algae, and unicellular fungi. Unicellular organisms are thought to be the oldest form of life, with early protocells possibly emerging 3.8–4 billion years ago Although some prokaryotes live in colonies, they are not specialised cells with differing functions. These organisms live together, and each cell... 
Archaeal cells have unique properties separating them from the other two domains, Bacteria and Eukaryota. Archaea are further divided into multiple recognized phyla. Classification is difficult because most have not been isolated in the laboratory and have only been detected by analysis of their nucleic acids in samples from their environment. Archaea and bacteria are generally similar in size and shape, although a few archaea have very different shapes, such as the flat and square cells of Haloquadratum walsbyi. Despite this morphological similarity to bacteria, archaea possess genes and several metabolic pathways that are more closely related to those of... 
Multicellular organisms are organisms that consist of more than one cell, in contrast to unicellular organisms. All species of animals, land plants and most fungi are multicellular, as are many algae, whereas a few organisms are partially uni- and partially multicellular, like slime molds and social amoebae such as the genus Dictyostelium All species of animals, land plants and most fungi are multicellular, as are many algae, whereas a few organisms are partially uni- and partially multicellular, like slime molds and social amoebae such as the genus Dictyostelium You can share your ideas & comments further at: ... 
Microorganisms include all unicellular organisms and so are extremely diverse. Of the three domains of life identified by Carl Woese, all of the Archaea and Bacteria are microorganisms. These were previously grouped together in the two domain system as Prokaryotes, the other being the eukaryotes. The third domain Eukaryota includes all multicellular organisms and many unicellular protists and protozoans. Some protists are related to animals and some to green plants. They live in almost every habitat from the poles to the equator, deserts, geysers, rocks and the deep sea. Some are adapted to extremes such as very hot or very... 
characteristic that places fungi in a different kingdom from plants, bacteria, and some protists is chitin in their cell walls. Similar to animals, fungi are heterotrophs; they acquire their food by absorbing dissolved molecules, typically by secreting digestive enzymes into their environment. Fungi do not photosynthesize. Growth is their means of mobility, except for spores (a few of which are flagellated), which may travel through the air or water. Fungi are the principal decomposers in ecological systems. These and other differences place fungi in a single group of related organisms, named the Eumycota (true fungi or Eumycetes), which share a... 
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The use of examination procedures to identify specific tissue involvement in painful conditions is a critical element in musculoskeletal physical therapy practice. Physical therapists can benefit from this approach to patient examination because it allows them to focus treatments on the specific causes of symptoms. The purpose of this case study is to describe a systematic approach to examination and treatment of shoulder pain through the identification of specific pain generators. The patient presented in this case had a five month onset of left anteriolateral shoulder pain. Based on the examination findings the physical therapy treatment diagnosis was subscapularis tendinopathy... 
Epigenomics encompasses studies of the chemical modifications of genomic DNA and associated histones, interactions between genomic DNA sequences and proteins, the dynamics of the chromosomal conformation, the functional relationships between these epigenetic events, and the regulatory impacts of these epigenetic events on gene expression in cells. In comparison to current techniques that are only capable of characterizing average epigenomics features across bulk cell ensembles, singlecell epigenomics methodologies are emerging as powerful new techniques to study cellular plasticity and heterogeneity, as seen in stem cells and cancer. Here we summarize available techniques for studies of single-cell epigenomics, review their current applications... 
Animal fancy is a hobby involving the appreciation, promotion, or breeding of pet or domestic animals. Fancy may include ownership, showing, animal sports and other competitions, and breeding. Hobbyists may simply collect specimens of the animal in appropriate enclosures (vivaria), such as an aquarium, terrarium, or aviary. Some fanciers keep hobby farms, or menageries (private zoos). There are many animal fancy clubs and associations in the world, which cater to everything from pigeons to Irish Wolfhounds. Fanciers and fancierdom may collectively be referred to as the fancy for that kind of animal, e.g. the cat fancy. Animal-fancy hobbies... 
Animal breeding is the process of selective mating of animals with desirable genetic traits, to maintain or enhance these traits in future generations. For livestock, this involves estimation of the genetic value of individuals for traits including growth rate and yield of products such as eggs, milk or meat. Animal breeding is a branch of animal science that addresses the evaluation of the genetic value of livestock. Selecting for breeding animals with superior EBV in growth rate, egg, meat, milk, or wool production, or with other desirable traits has revolutionized livestock production throughout the entire world. Animal breeding... 
Redox reactions are characterized by the transfer of electrons between chemical species, (the reducing agent) undergoing oxidation (losing electrons) and (the oxidizing agent) undergoes reduction (gains electrons). The linear combination f12 = 2?f(O) – f(H) of elemental balances: f1 = f(H) for H, and f2 = f(O) for O is the basis to formulate the generalized electron balance (GEB) for electrolytic redox systems according to Approach II to GEB, realized within the generalized approach to electrolytic systems (GATES) as GATES/GEB. Together with charge balance (f0 = ChB) and K–2 elemental/core balances: f3,…,fK, the f12 completes the set of K balances... 
These odd animals can truly make a great pet, but make sure to do lots of your own research. The capybara is one of the largest rodents in the world and can weigh up to 140 pounds, but they sure are cute! They're semi-aquatic animals, so if you're looking to adopt a capybara, they'll definitely need access to water in order to swim around. Although mostly adorable and sweet, capybaras can be a challenging pet. They do better in groups as they are extremely social animals, so pet owners should avoid getting a single capybara. This semi-aquatic... 
Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is a 3DP process that utilizes filament-type thermoplastics with a printer head that is capable of heating the filament to melting temperatures to create a structure from the bottom up. The printer nozzle moves back and forth according to the design described in the STL file format, adding layer by layer the filament until the structure is complete. The FDM is a precursor to the most widely used bioprinting technique, extrusion-based printing. The technologies are very similar except that extrusion printing does not usually need a heating element as most bioinks will not need to be... 
Marine biology is the scientific study of marine life, organisms in the sea. Given that in biology many phyla, families and genera have some species that live in the sea and others that live on land, marine biology classifies species based on the environment rather than on taxonomy. A large proportion of all life on Earth lives in the ocean. The exact size of this large proportion is unknown, since many ocean species are still to be discovered. The ocean is a complex three-dimensional world[3] covering approximately 71% of the Earth's surface. The habitats studied in marine biology include everything... 
Freshwater biology is the scientific biological study of freshwater ecosystems and is a branch of limnology. This field seeks to understand the relationships between living organisms in their physical environment. These physical environments may include rivers, lakes, streams, or wetlands. This discipline is also widely used in industrial processes to make use of biological processes such as sewage treatment and water purification. Water flow is an essential aspect to species distribution and influence when and where species interact in freshwater environments. In the UK the Freshwater Biological Association based near Windermere in Cumbria was one of the early institutions to... 
Animal conservation is the act of protecting ecosystems and environments to protect the animals that live there. The importance of animal conservation is immeasurable, at a time where our planet is currently experiencing the sixth major extinction event in the 3.6 billion years that life has been on it. This is also the first extinction event caused by humans and the only one to occur since the dinosaurs were wiped out some 65 million years ago. This is at a time where the rubbish path in the Pacific ocean is larger than the U.S.A and where baby birds swallow more... 
Animal biology is a science that focuses on the origins, behaviors and environments of non-plant organisms. Degree programs are available at the undergraduate and graduate degree levels of study. To learn more about career opportunities and academic requirements in this field, continue reading. Animal biology is the study of the chemical and physical makeup of animals. If you choose to study in the field, you will explore animal evolution, ecology, molecular biology, physiology and genetics. In some degree programs, the focus is on principles of biology that can be useful in solving problems that involve farm, urban, wild and domestic... 
Analytical chemistry is the science of obtaining, processing, and communicating information about the composition and structure of matter. In other words, it is the art and science of determining what matter is and how much of it exists. Analytical chemists use their knowledge of chemistry, instrumentation, computers, and statistics to solve problems in almost all areas of chemistry and for all kinds of industries. For example, their measurements are used to assure the safety and quality of food, pharmaceuticals, and water; to assure compliance with environmental and other regulations; to support the legal process; to help physicians diagnose diseases; and... 
Atrial septal defect (ASD) Atrial sepal defect (ASD) constitutes 8%–10% of the congenital heart defects in children. The secundum ASD accounts for nearly 75% of all ASDs. Since the introduction of transcatheter device closure for secundum ASDs there has been a paradigm shift in their management. Over the years, the procedure has evolved significantly to become a treatment of choice in many institutions. The Amplatzer septal occluder (ASO) is the most widely used device owing to its user-friendliness and high success rate. You can 
The term optoelectronics is a specific discipline of electronics that focuses on light-emitting or light-detecting devices. Light-emitting devices use voltage and current to produce electromagnetic radiation (i.e., light). Such light-emitting devices are commonly used for purposes of illumination or as indicator lights. In contrast, light-detecting devices, such as phototransistors, are designed to convert received electromagnetic energy into electric current or voltage. Light-detecting devices can be used for light sensing and communication. Examples of these include darkness-activated switches and remote controls. In general terms, light-detecting devices work by using photons to liberate bound electrons within semiconductor materials. Photons are the fundamental... 
Laser Optics are used in a wide range of laser instrumentation or laser applications, including beam steering or material processing. Laser Optics use specific substrates, coatings, or a combination of the two to provide superior performance at specific laser wavelengths or over a range of wavelengths. Many Laser Optics feature laser damage thresholds designed for pulsed or CW lasers. Using a Laser Optic that has a lower laser damage threshold than what the laser requires can lead to damaging the Optical Component. Edmund Optics offers a wide variety of Laser Optics, including Laser Lenses, Laser Mirrors, Laser Filters, along with... 
Optical fibers are made from either glass or plastic. Most are roughly the diameter of a human hair, and they may be many miles long. Light is transmitted along the center of the fiber from one end to the other, and a signal may be imposed. Fiber optic systems are superior to metallic conductors in many applications. Their greatest advantage is bandwidth. Because of the wavelength of light, it is possible to transmit a signal that contains considerably more information than is possible with a metallic conductor — even a coaxial conductor. Other advantages include: • Electrical Isolation — Fiber... 
The Nuclear Security Summit (NSS) is a world summit, aimed at preventing nuclear terrorism around the globe. The first summit was held in Washington, D.C., United States, on April 12–13, 2010. The second summit was held in Seoul, South Korea, in 2012. The third summit was held in The Hague, Netherlands, on March 24–25, 2014. The fourth summit was held in Washington, D.C. on March 31–April 1, 2016 In 2009, U.S. President Obama delivered a speech in Prague in which he called nuclear terrorism one of the greatest threats to international security. With that in mind, Obama hosted the first... 
Missile defense is a system, weapon, or technology involved in the detection, tracking, interception, and destruction of attacking missiles. Originally conceived as a defense against nuclear-armed intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), its application has broadened to include shorter-ranged non-nuclear tactical and theater missiles. The United States, Russia, China, India, Israel, France, and Taiwan have all developed such air defense systems.[1] In the United States, missile defense was originally the responsibility of the U.S. Army. The U.S. Missile Defense Agency has developed maritime systems and command and control that will eventually be transferred to the Navy and Air Force for operation and... 
Strategic studies is an interdisciplinary academic field centered on the study of conflict and peace strategies, often devoting special attention to the relationship between international politics, geostrategy, international diplomacy, international economics, and military power. In the scope of the studies are also subjects such as the role of intelligence, diplomacy, and international cooperation for security and defense. The subject is normally taught at the post-graduate academic or professional, usually strategic-political and strategic-military levels. The academic foundations of the subject began with classic texts initially from the Orient such as Sun Tzu’s Art of War and went on to gain a... 
International relations (IR) or international affairs (IA) — commonly also referred to as international studies (IS), global studies (GS), or global affairs (GA) — is the study in interconnectedness of politics, economics and law on a global level. Depending on the academic institution, it is either a field of political science, an interdisciplinary academic field similar to global studies, or an entirely independent academic discipline in which students take a variety of internationally focused courses in social science and humanities disciplines. In all cases, the field studies relationships between political entities (polities) such as sovereign states, inter-governmental organizations (IGOs), international... 
National security is the requirement to maintain the survival of the state through the use of economic power, diplomacy, power projection and political power. The concept developed mostly in the United States after World War II. Initially focusing on military might, it now encompasses a broad range of facets, all of which impinge on the non military or economic security of the nation and the values espoused by the national society. Accordingly, in order to possess national security, a nation needs to possess economic security, energy security, environmental security, etc. Security threats involve not only conventional foes such as other... 
Military technology is the application of technology for use in warfare. It comprises the kinds of technology that are distinctly military in nature and not civilian in application, usually because they lack useful or legal civilian applications, or are dangerous to use without appropriate military training. The technology of war may be divided into five categories. Offensive arms harm the enemy, while defensive weapons ward off offensive blows. Transportation technology moves soldiers and weaponry; communications coordinate the movements of armed forces; and sensors detect forces and guide weaponry. From the earliest times, a critical relationship has existed between military technology,... 
The Netherlands is working to combat terrorism in a variety of ways. For example, it monitors potential terrorists, promptly identifies individuals who may be becoming radicalised and provides at-risk people and buildings with additional security. Terrorist offences are crimes carried out with the intent to cause terror. Terrorist intent is a circumstance that makes the punishment more severe. So the sentence for an offence carried out with terrorist intent will be harsher than for the basic offence alone. This applies not only to people who carry out attacks but also to those who intend to carry out an attack. For... 
Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary scientific field of life sciences. Bioinformatics research and application include the analysis of molecular sequence and genomics data; genome annotation, gene/protein prediction, and expression profiling; molecular folding, modeling, and design; building biological networks; development of databases and data management systems; development of software and analysis tools; bioinformatics services and workflow; mining of biomedical literature and text; and bioinformatics education and training. Astronomical accumulation of genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics data as well as a need for their storage, analysis, annotation, organization, systematization, and integration into biological networks and database systems were the main driving forces for the... 
Public Health Science is the art of preventing disease, increasing longevity of life and promoting health through efforts and choices made by society, public and private organizations, the community and by individuals. Public Health Science deals with dangers to the public health of a population, whether small or large (i.e. populations of a continent) to improve the quality of health and the quality of life in through detecting and preventing disease and other physical and mental health conditions, promoting health behaviors, tracking cases and health indicators. Public Health Science uses a multi-disciplinary method incorporating epidemiology, biostatistics and health services. Health... 
Pharmacy informatics is defined by the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists as the integration and use of knowledge, information, technology, data and automation in the medication-use process. The practice is meant to streamline patient care and outcomes while enhancing efficiency and accuracy in the administration of medications. Often coinciding with the use of electronic health records (EHR), pharmacy informatics is being used to replace paper-and-pen prescriptions to provide more precision and clarity for medication suppliers. Although not perfect, this technological practice has fast proven itself effective as an aid to error prevention while streamlining operations, information sharing and more. Examples of... 
When first asked to write about patient care it seemed an easy enough task. As a healthcare provider I give and do patient care. However, I started thinking just what is it I mean by ‘patient care’ and what’s involved when I am doing it. “the services rendered by members of the health professions for the benefit of a patient” and then recommends we also see the definition of ‘treatment’: “care of a patient.” This is too vague for me to get a real picture of what patient care means. It also equates care with treatment. Newer health care professionals,... 
The Electronic Health Record (EHR)– then called the Electronic Medical Record (EMR) or Computerized Patient Record (CPR)– received it first real validation in an Institute of Medicine's (IOM) report in 1991 entitled "The Computer-Based Patient Record: An Essential Technology for Health Care IOM drove home the idea that the EHR is needed to transform the health system to improve quality and enhance safety. The specialty of family medicine has also stated that the EHR is a core technology for the future of family medicine in the Future of Family Medicine Project. This project outlines a "New Model" of care for... 
Nursing informatics is a field of nursing that incorporates nursing, computer, and information sciences to maintain and develop medical data and systems to support the practice of nursing, and to improve patient care outcomes. Technologies that have evolved due to health care/nursing informatics include: Computerized provider order entry (CPOE) Electronic medical records (EMRs) Test results Progress notes Nursing notes Medication records Nurses need information to care for patients safely. They need to be able to access medical histories, medication lists, lab and imaging results, and physician/interdisciplinary team notes to get a complete picture of... 
Clinical informatics is the study of information technology and how it can be applied to the healthcare field. It includes the study and practice of an information-based approach to healthcare delivery in which data must be structured in a certain way to be effectively retrieved and used in a report or evaluation. Clinical informatics can be applied in a range of healthcare settings including hospital, physician’s practice, military and others. Providers in today’s healthcare industry increasingly rely on data and technology to provide treatments for patients. Physicians, nurses, dentists, pharmacists, rehab therapists, assistants and a host of others collect and... 
Health Informatics (HI) basically defines how health information is technically captured, transmitted and utilized. New technology can be an integral part of medicine, and health informatics is no exception. Healthcare informatics is the science that underlies the fusion of health care, information technology, and business administration, and guides into all aspects of the patient health experience, including clinical care, nursing, pharmacy and public health. Not only does healthcare informatics focus on the implementation and optimization of the information systems that support clinical practice, it creates the infrastructure that connects and enables the flow of critical information to and from each... 
Scaffolds are considered promising materials for tissue engineering applications due to their unique physiochemical properties. The high porosity and adequate mechanical properties of the scaffolds facilitate greater cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. Stem cells are frequently applied in tissue engineering applications due to their excellent potential. It has been noted that cell functions are profoundly affected by the nature of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Naturally derived ECM contains the bioactive motif that also influences the immune response of the organism. The properties of polymer scaffolds mean they can resemble the native ECM and can regulate cellular responses. Various techniques such... 
Electroactive polymers are polymers that exhibit a change in size or shape when stimulated by an electric field. The most common applications of this type of material are in actuators and sensors A typical characteristic property of an EAP is that they will undergo a large amount of deformation while sustaining large forces. The majority of historic actuators are made of ceramic piezoelectric materials. While these materials are able to withstand large forces, they commonly will only deform a fraction of a percent. In the late 1990s, it has been demonstrated that some EAPs can exhibit up to a 380% strain, which is much more than any ceramic actuator. One of the most... 
In the large field of nanotechnology, polymer matrix based nanocomposites have become a prominent area of current research and development. Exfoliated clay-based nanocomposites have dominated the polymer literature but there are a large number of other significant areas of current and emerging interest. This review will detail the technology involved with exfoliated clay-based nanocomposites and also include other important areas including barrier properties, flammability resistance, biomedical applications, electrical/electronic/optoelectronic applications and fuel cell interests. The important question of the “nano-effect” of nanoparticle or fiber inclusion relative to their larger scale counterparts is addressed relative to crystallization and glass transition behavior. Of... 
Biodegradable plastic is plastic that decomposes naturally in the environment. This is achieved when microorganisms in the environment metabolize and break down the structure of biodegradable plastic. The end result is one which is less harmful to the environment than traditional plastics. Biodegradable plastics can be composed of bio-plastics, which are plastics made from renewable raw materials. There are normally two forms of biodegradable plastic, injection molded and solid. The solid forms normally are used for items such as food containers, leaf collection bags, and water bottles. Biodegradable plastics are made from all-natural plant materials. These can include corn oil,... 
High performance plastics are playing an important role in the automotive industry these days. The light weight of plastics makes for more fuel efficient vehicles. It is estimated that every 10% reduction in vehicle weight results in a 5% to 7% reduction in fuel usage. Current economic and environmental concerns make the creation of more fuel efficient cars a top priority in the automotive industry. The use of modern materials like aluminium and carbon fiber are helpful, but the wise allocation of plastics are making an increasing difference. Some other advantages of high performance plastics used in transport vehicles include: minimal corrosion,... 
This paper may be considered as a complete sketch that is based on remote sensing data and field work carried out in Saddam market area located in Kadamtali Thana, Dhaka South City Corporation. Uneven land reform and entangled land-use regulations are extensively regarded as the key to urban growth in large cities in Bangladesh. Although the significance of land issues has been substantially recognized, conflicts regarding land finance seem to be a generally under-evaluated factor in explaining the phenomenon of urban growth. This study conducted an extensive literature research and proposed a conceptual framework to demonstrate the effects of land... 
Food packaging plays an important role in the food Industry. Packaging preserves food and protects it from distribution hazards. Polymers serve as a key role in this process. Their mechanical strength, cost efficiency, and ease of manufacturing make polymers a good packaging product. However, past reviews have recently surfaced many issues with the packaging polymers currently used in the industry. These issues can lead to the leaching of toxic chemicals, the environmental impact on packaging polymers, and economic impact of the industry. According to a recent study, the packaging industry contributes significantly to the economy. The United States has a... 
Polymers have triggered considerable research interest in the fields of energy storage and conversion. This is due to their wide range of properties, great design flexibility, easy processability, and low cost. Consequently, polymers play important roles in a vast variety of applications such as in alkali metal ion batteries, thermal interface materials, redox-flow batteries, and (photo)/electrocatalysis. Over the past decade, there has been tremendous progress in the design and synthesis of polymers with desirable molecular structures, allowing for quick and easy tailoring of their physicochemical, mechanical, thermal, and viscoelastic properties. This has led to significant advances in practical applications... 
Neutron reflectometry can be used in various ways to investigate surfaces, interfaces and thin films of polymers. Its potential comes mostly from the possibilities offered by selective deuteration, where a particular component can be made visible with respect to its activity at the interface. In addition the depth resolution is much better than with most other direct techniques, and details of the profiles may be resolved. Several examples will be discussed including the segment diffusion at the interface between two polymer films, the determination of the narrow interfaces between incompatible polymer blends and the development of order in thin diblock... 
Sports injuries occur during exercise or while participating in a sport. Children are particularly at risk for these types of injuries, but adults can get them, too. Different sports injuries produce different symptoms and complications. The most common types of sports injuries include: Sprains: Overstretching or tearing the ligaments results in a sprain. Ligaments are pieces of tissue that connect two bones to one another in a joint. Strains: Overstretching or tearing muscles or tendons results in a sprain. Tendons are thick, fibrous cords of tissue that connect bone to muscle. Strains are commonly mistaken for sprains. Here’s how tell... 
The skeletal system includes the bones of the skeleton and the cartilages, ligaments, and other connective tissue that stabilize or connect the bones. In addition to supporting the weight of the body, bones work together with muscles to maintain body position and to produce controlled, precise movements. Without the skeleton to pull against, contracting muscle fibers could not make us sit, stand, walk, or run. The skeletal system includes the bones of the skeleton and the cartilages, ligaments, and other connective tissue that stabilize or connect the bones. In addition to supporting the weight of the body, bones work together... 
Orthopedic trauma is a broad term describing all kinds of injuries affecting the bones, joints, muscles, tendons, and ligaments in any part of the body that are caused by trauma. The term is wide-ranging and may refer to minor fractures or severely broken bones with a direct threat to the patient’s life. It is considered as a sub-specialty of orthopaedic surgery and is focused on treating fractured bones and making sure the injured part of the body regains its original strength and maximum function it used to have prior to the injury. Minor injuries are sometimes difficult to treat, as... 
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common chronic (long-lasting) joint condition.A joint is where two bones come together. The ends of these bones are covered with protective tissue called cartilage. With OA, this cartilage breaks down, causing the bones within the joint to rub together. This can cause pain, stiffness, and other symptoms.OA occurs most often in older people, although it can occur in adults of any age. OA is also called degenerative joint disease, degenerative arthritis, and wear-and-tear arthritis.A leading cause of disability, OA affects more than 30 million men and womenTrusted Source in the United States. Here’s everything you... 
DNA probes and sample DNAs or RNAs are capable of hybridizing each other through the complementary base-pairing and result in double-stranded hybrid formation. The strength of DNA probe hybridization to sample molecules is determined by the stability of the hybrid duplex formed. The other parts of each sample molecule, which is usually longer than DNA probe, remains on either side of the hybrid duplex and does not affect the hybridization strength since they have no interactions with the probe. The formed hybrid duplexes may be melted into single-stranded random coils by elevating temperature. Their thermal stability under a given solvent... 
Blotting is a technique for the electrophoretic transfer of DNA, RNA or protein to a suitable membrane. The method most commonly used for the electrotransfer of proteins to nitrocellulose is that reported by Towbin et al. (1979). This technique was patented in 1989 by William J. Littlehales under the title "Electroblotting technique for transferring specimens from a polyacrylamide electrophoresis or like gel onto a membrane." Transfer of the proteins can be carried out using several methods such as vacuum, capillary or electric field. Electroblotting is by far the most wide-spread technique which utilizes either vertical buffer tanks or semi-dry blotting..... 
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Microorganisms are of great significance to foods for the following reasons: (1) microorganisms can cause spoilage of foods, (2) microorganisms are used to manufacture a wide variety of food products, and (3) microbial diseases can be transmitted by foods. Foods can be considered as a medium for microbial growth. Considering the vast array of sources, substances, and methods with which food is produced, practically every kind of microbe is a potential contaminant. Given a chance to grow, microbes will produce changes in appearance, flavour, odour, and other qualities of the food. The changes vary according to the type of food... 
Mitochondrial dysfunction has long been known to play an important role in the underlying etiology of several aging-related diseases, including cardiovascular disease (CVD), neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. As an easily measurable and accessible proxy for mitochondrial function, mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA-CN) is increasingly used to assess the role of mitochondria in disease. Several population-based studies have shown higher levels of mtDNA-CN to be associated with decreased incidence for CVD and its component parts: coronary artery disease (CAD) and stroke, neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s, as well as several types of cancer including breast, kidney, liver and colorectal[6–8].... 
Inorganic chemistry It deals with the synthesis and behavior of inorganic and organometallic compounds. This field covers all chemical compounds except the myriad organic compounds (carbon-based compounds, usually containing C-H bonds), which are the subjects of organic chemistry. The distinction between the two disciplines is far from absolute, as there is much overlap in the subdiscipline of organometallic chemistry. It has applications in every aspect of the chemical industry, including catalysis, materials science, pigments, surfactants, coatings, medications, fuels, and agriculture. Compounds Many inorganic compounds are ionic compounds, consisting of cations and anions joined by ionic bonding. Examples of salts (which are ionic compounds) are magnesium chloride MgCl2, which consists of magnesium cations Mg2+ and chloride anions Cl−; or sodium oxide Na2O, which consists of sodium cations Na+ and oxide anions O2−. In any salt, the proportions of the ions are such... 
An echocardiogram uses sound waves to produce images of your heart. This common test allows your doctor to see your heart beating and pumping blood. Your doctor can use the images from an echocardiogram to identify heart disease. Depending on what information your doctor needs, you may have one of several types of echocardiograms. Each type of echocardiogram involves few, if any, risks. Transthoracic echocardiogram In this standard type of echocardiogram: A technician (sonographer) spreads gel on a device (transducer). The sonographer presses the transducer firmly against your skin, aiming an ultrasound beam through your chest to your heart.... 
Fermentation Fermentation bacteria are anaerobic, but use organic molecules as their final electron acceptor to produce fermentation end-products. Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, and Bacillus, for example, produce lactic acid, while Escherichia and Salmonella produce ethanol, lactic acid, succinic acid, acetic acid, CO2, and H2. Fermenting bacteria have characteristic sugar fermentation patterns, i.e., they can metabolize some sugars but not others. For example, Neisseria meningitidis ferments glucose and maltose, but not sucrose and lactose, while Neisseria gonorrhoea ferments glucose, but not maltose, sucrose or lactose. Such fermentation patterns can be used to identify and classify bacteria. Pasteurization Pasteur described the spoilage by bacteria of alcohol during fermentation as being a "disease" of wine and beer. His work... 
This article presents a microwave characterization at the ISM band (2.45 GHz) for the dielectric properties of a Silicon Carbide sample with high loss tangent from 25°C to 165°C. Different techniques were used to characterize the SiC sample: the cylindrical resonant cavity technique in transmission and reflection mode, the microstrip ring resonator and finally the near field microwave microscopy. The results obtained by the cylindrical resonant cavity (transmissionand reflection) are in good agreement, the relative permittivity and the loss tangent of the SiC increase with temperature by 48% and 190% respectively between 25°C and 165°C. These techniques are accurate but... 
INTRODUCTION The potential of stem cell research for tissue engineering-based therapies and regenerative medicine clinical applications has become well established. In 2006, Chung pioneered the first entire organ transplant using adult stem cells and a scaffold for clinical evaluation. With this a new milestone was achieved, with seven patients with myelomeningocele receiving stem cell-derived bladder transplants resulting in substantial improvements in their quality of life. While a bladder is a relatively simple organ, the breakthrough highlights the incredible benefits that can be gained from the cross-disciplinary nature of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine that encompasses stem cell research and stem... 
The hip is one of the body's largest joints. It is a ball-and-socket joint. The socket is formed by the acetabulum, which is part of the large pelvis bone. The ball is the femoral head, which is the upper end of the femur (thighbone). The bone surfaces of the ball and socket are covered with articular cartilage, a smooth tissue that cushions the ends of the bones and enables them to move easily. A thin tissue called synovial membrane surrounds the hip joint. In a healthy hip, this membrane makes a small amount of fluid that lubricates the cartilage and... 
Transplants can be life-saving, but to stop the donor organ being rejected by the recipient’s immune system, people have to take several drugs that have serious side. A study reported that, a one-off injection of cells could be a long-sought solution to the problem of the body rejecting an organ transplant. We look forward to hear your opinions and views on this topic at 
Workplace ergonomics is the science of designing the workplace, keeping in mind the capabilities and limitations of the worker. Poor worksite design leads to fatigued, frustrated and hurting workers. A workplace ergonomics improvement process removes risk factors that lead to musculoskeletal injuries and allows for improved human performance and productivity. Views and Opinions regarding the developments in workplace ergonomics can be shared at 
A procedure that uses the mechanical force of an appliance to lengthen soft tissue and bone, may be a feasible and effective method to repair cleft palate in the future. More suggestions or discussion in detail of this topic is welcomed at the journal office at 
Scheuermann’s Disease is the developmental disorder of spine in which wedge shaped vertebrae of thoracic spine are found which leads to excessive curvature and postural abnormality that causes stiffness and pain in upper back and later compromise of respiratory functions and disability occurs. For investigation of the effect of spinal mobilization, breathing exercise and home exercises in an adolescent with Scheuermann’s Disease. The study was done on a 17 years old boy with the complaint of severe low back pain. An exercise program was given for 45 minutes for 8 weeks which included postural correction, strengthening and breathing retraining with... 
Familial Recurrent Hydatidiform Moles is a rare condition where patients have an inherited predisposition to have molar pregnancies. Molar pregnancy is an abnormal form of pregnancy in which a non-viable fertilized egg implants in the uterus and fail to survive. A molar pregnancy is a gestational trophoblastic disease growing into a mass in the uterus that swollen chorionic villi. Here a case of a young woman present with a recessive intron 7 mutation of the NLRP7 gene this led her to have two hydatidiform moles. Due to the future reproductive implications this condition has, an appropriate counseling about these issues... 
A buffer is a solution containing either a weak acid and its salt or a weak base and its salt, which is resistant to changes in pH. The buffer capacity concept is extended on dynamic redox systems, realized according to titrimetric mode, where changes in pH are accompanied by changes in potential E values;( +ve or –ve E values) it is the basic novelty of the paper. Two examples of monotonic course of the related curves of potential E vs. Φ and pH vs. Φ relationships were considered. The systems were modeled according to GATES/GEB (Generalized Approach to Electrolytic Systems)/(Generalized... 
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Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disorder that can affect more than just your joints. In some people, the condition can damage a wide variety of body systems, including the skin, eyes, lungs, heart and blood vessels. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) affects around 1% of population and causes irreversible synovial joint damage and bone erosion. Matrix metallo proteinases (MMPs) play a role in pathologic processes; however their involvement in RA is not clear. This study investigated the association of MMP2, MMP7 and MMP9 with RA.... 
Globally, CVA is the most common cause of disability and death. Each year approximately 5.5 million people are killed by stroke. In Bangladesh stroke is the ‘third’ leading causes of death. Physiotherapy management is evidence-based treatment approach that has short-term and long-term effect on functional outcome in patients with CVA. The ICF play an important role in functioning and health for patient with stroke. A case-based study was conducted. The problem was found by implementing International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF).... 
The kinetics of discoloration of dye, crystal violet was investigated through pseudo first order kinetic at λmax587 nm. The reaction was depended on [CV] and [OH-]. An inversely proportional relation was observed between ionic strength and pseudo first order rate constant i.e. decrease in rate constant and increase in ionic strength. A plausible association mechanism was provided in agreement with the kinetic and spectroscopic results by calculating activation parameter. Spectrophotometric titration revealed the ratio of consumption of crystal violet to hydroxyl ion which is 1:1.... 
No marker reflecting the pathobiology of meniscal degeneration (MD) is established so far. NITEGE is a hexapeptide fragments produced when aggrecan is cleaved. Methods. In vitro IL-1 exposition of bovine menisci (n = 4) caused extracellular NITEGE deposits detected by immunofluorescence. A retrospective immunohistochemical analysis of (n = 60) patients after meniscectomy for NITEGE deposits was performed. MD was graded as follows: no/little (grade 0/1), medium (grade 2) or severe (grade 3). Results. NITEGE deposits in areas of degeneration were demonstrated in 55% of the patients with grade 2 or 3 MD (PPV & specificity 100%), while no extracellular NITEGE... 
The study filed that the clinical data of one patient who was misdiagnosed as chronic tonsillitis and finally diagnosed as malignant lymphoma of tonsil was analysed retrospectively to summarize and reflect on the clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of malignant lymphoma of tonsil, so as to improve the clinical understanding and diagnosis of this disease. It has been reported that the misdiagnosis rate of malignant lymphoma of tonsil is quite high, up to 41.3%. On this note the Journal of Otology and Rhinology wants to hear out your opinions about the Misdiagnosis of inconveniences caused in the throat through... 
A bioprocess is a specific process that uses complete living cells or their components (e.g., bacteria, enzymes, chloroplasts) to obtain desired products .Transport of energy and mass is fundamental to many biological and environmental processes. Areas, from food processing to thermal design of buildings to biomedical devices to pollution control and global warming, require knowledge of how energy and mass can be transported through material. PHARMACUETICAL BIOPROCESSING This is a referred magazine to all troubles associated with bioprocessing within the improvement of healthcare and scientific merchandise. Pharmaceutical bioprocessing journals help in developing and designing the advanced pharmaceutical products for manufacturing... 
Vibrational optical coherence tomography (VOCT) is a new technique developed in the Department of Pathology at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University. It uses near infra-red light and audible sound to image and measure the resonant frequency of tissues Synthetic implants, allografts, and xenografts are used for repair and replacement of tissues in numerous surgical applications each year. A number of the grafts used as hernia replacements or for repair of other tissues require revision surgery due to modulus mismatches that occur at the implant-tissue interface. A variety of tests have been used to elucidate mechanical properties of... 
Parental Consanguinity and Birth Defects in Lebanon 
Genetic Drift Genetic drift (also known as allelic drift or the Sewall Wright effect) is the change in the frequency of an existing gene variant (allele) in a population due to random sampling of organisms. The alleles in the offspring are a sample of those in the parents, and chance has a role in determining whether a given individual survives and reproduces. A population's allele frequency is the fraction of the copies of one gene that share a particular form. Genetic drift may cause gene variants to disappear completely and thereby reduce genetic variation. It can also cause initially rare alleles to become much more frequent and even fixed. When there are... 
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Biochemical engineering, is a field of study with roots stemming from chemical engineering and biological engineering. It mainly deals with the design, construction, and advancement of unit processes that involve biological organisms or organic molecules and has various applications in areas of interest such as biofuels, food, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and water treatment processes. ADVANCES IN FOOD BIOPROCESS TECHNOLOGY Advances in Food Bioprocess Technology gives us powerful and timely material approximately contemporary excessive original papers in chemical engineering and for all forms of food merchandise. Advances in Food Bioprocess Technology journals covers and examines the processing generation for ripening, high-quality, agriculture,... 
Biological chemistry is about the chemical tactics within and relating to living organisms. Biochemistry is purely implemented in medication, nutrition, and agriculture. Biochemistry deals with systems, capabilities and interactions of organic macromolecules, like proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids. INDUSTRIAL BIOPROCESSING Industrial bioprocessing is the advanced sources and data concerning industrial processing related to the bioprocessing fields to develop and improve numerous chemical compounds and pharmaceutical pills. in addition it offers us present day facts about R&D. Industrial bioprocessing is the specialization of chemical engineering and it especially deals about designing, developing, production of merchandise in agriculture, food, polymers in... 
Opioids Opioids are substances that act on opioid receptors to produce morphine-like effects. Medically they are primarily used for pain relief, including anesthesia.Other medical uses include suppression of diarrhea, replacement therapy for opioid use disorder, reversing opioid overdose, suppressing cough,as well as for executions in the United States. Extremely potent opioids such as carfentanil are approved only for veterinary use. Opioids are also frequently used non-medically for their euphoric effects or to prevent withdrawal. Side effects of opioids may include itchiness, sedation, nausea, respiratory depression, constipation, and euphoria. Long-term use can cause tolerance, meaning that increased doses are required to achieve the same effect, and physical dependence, meaning that abruptly discontinuing the drug leads to unpleasant withdrawal symptoms. The euphoria attracts recreational use and frequent, escalating... 
Osteoarthritis such topics are published in 
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common type of autoimmune arthritis. It is caused when the immune system (the body’s defense system) is not working properly. RA causes pain and swelling in the wrist and small joints of the hand and feet. Treatments for RA can stop joint pain and swelling. Treatment also prevents joint damage. Early treatment will give better long term results. Regular low-impact exercises, such as walking, and exercises can increase muscle strength. This will improve your overall health and lower pressure on your joints. Studies show that people who receive early treatment for RA feel better... 
Levamisole is an antibiotic medication used to treat colon cancer and is a synthetic imidazothiazole derivative also employed as an antihelminthic to treat worm infestations in both humans and animals. Even if it is not yet well known why levamisole is added to cocaine, the presence of this adulterant is very dangerous, in fact this compound suppresses the production of white blood cells, resulting in neutropenia, agranulocytosis and idiopathic pulmonary hypertension. With the increasing use of levamisole as an adulterant, a number of these complications have been reported among cocaine users. The authors refer about the detection of levamisole in... 
Different preparations of Cannabis sativa (commonly marijuana and hashish) are widely used mainly for their euphoric effects. Cannabis after alcohol consumption is by far the most commonly used recreational drug in Europe. About 20% of adults in the European Union (aged 15-64 years), over 62 million people, have tried cannabis at least once in their life . Users and lay people believe that marijuana or hashish is safe. Many cases of cardiovascular events have, however, been related to a cannabis consumption, and cases of acute ischemia or thrombosis even on the ground of normal coronary arteries have been reported. The... 
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death and globally the numbers of cases of cancer are increasing gradually. There are several medicines available in the market to treat the various types of cancer but no drug is found to be fully effective and safe. The major problem in the cancer chemotherapy is the toxicity of the established drugs. However plants and plant derived products have proved effective and safe in the treatment and management of cancers. These days most of the research work on cancer drugs is targeted on plants and plants derived natural products. Many natural products... 
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death and globally the numbers of cases of cancer are increasing gradually. There are several medicines available in the market to treat the various types of cancer but no drug is found to be fully effective and safe. The major problem in the cancer chemotherapy is the toxicity of the established drugs. However plants and plant derived products have proved effective and safe in the treatment and management of cancers. These days most of the research work on cancer drugs is targeted on plants and plants derived natural products. Many natural products... 
Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is a rare disorder characterized by the inadequate secretion of growth hormone (GH) from the anterior pituitary gland, a small gland located at the base of the brain that is responsible for the production of several hormones. The most common treatment for growth hormone deficiency in both children and adults is growth hormone therapy—injections of growth hormone into the body. 
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Metamaterials, artificial composite structures with exotic material properties, have emerged as a new frontier of science involving physics, material science, engineering and chemistry. A Survey reported that the future research regarding metamaterials focusses on invention of three-dimensional optical metamaterials, nonlinear metamaterials and “quantum” perspectives of metamaterials, creating a new directional separation technique that cloaks one compound while concentrating the other. It is said to believe that manipulating mass transfer using metamaterials could help reduce the energy required for certain chemical and biomolecular processes. The proposed technique would use specially-patterned polymeric materials to direct the flow of atoms by taking advantage... 
Laryngotracheal stenosis refers to abnormal narrowing of the central air passageways. It can develop when scar tissue forms in a person’s trachea due to prolonged intubation — when a breathing tube is inserted into the trachea to help maintain breathing during a medical procedure — or from a tracheostomy, which is a surgery to create an opening in the neck to access the trachea. Our physicians will typically address any underlying medical conditions before treating the stenosis. The most common symptom of laryngotracheal stenosis is gradually-worsening breathlessness (dyspnea) particularly when undertaking physical activities (exertional dyspnea). The Editorial Office of the... 
A survey in Japan reported that the patients undergoing dialysis (HD) are increasing every year, and the number has reached 329,609 at the end of 2016. Out of them, 26,313 patients were undergoing longterm HD (LHD; 20 or more years), which is 8.3% of the total number. The number of deceased donor RTx (DRTx) did not increase, while the number of patients enrolled in the waiting list for DRTx reached approximately 13,000. Considering the Mean Waiting Period, LHD patients morbidity and mortality a study was designed by Koichi Kozaki, et al. to investigate the results of RTx in LHD patients.... 
A cryogenic treatment is the process of treating workpieces to cryogenic temperatures below -190°C to remove residual stresses and improve wear resistance on steels and even composites. In addition to seeking enhanced stress relief and stabilization, or wear resistance, cryogenic treatment is also known for its ability to improve corrosion resistance by precipitating micro-fine eta carbides, which can be measured before and after in a part using a quantimet. The process has a wide range of applications from industrial tooling to the improvement of musical signal transmission. Some of the benefits of cryogenic treatment include longer part life, less failure... 
Immunosuppressive drugs, also known as immunosuppressive agents, immunosuppressants and antirejection medications are drugs that inhibit or prevent activity of the immune system.They are also administered as posttransplantory immunosuppressants to prevent the acute transplant rejection and graft-versus-host disease. Immunosuppressive drugs are given in two phases; an initial induction phase involving a high dose, and a later maintenance phase which involves using the drug in the long term at a lower dose. All current immunosuppressive drugs come with limitations. One of the major limitations of these drugs is immunodeficiency. A fine balance needs to be reached between suppressing immune function sufficiently to... 
Iron Man Thrust Boots: Iron Man Thrust Boots or Iron Man Jet Boots is one of the hard tasks to work on it (because of its compactness and complex design) with today’s technology but it’s not impossible either. To start with Iron Man Thrust Boots consist of major components that are Thrust, Fuel, Control, Stability and Steering. Thrust can be attained by hybrid thruster technology and gyro stabilizers, hydrogen can be used for the fuel and flight can be accomplished with an advanced control systems that works similar to the aircraft that run on auto pilot. for more: 
Learning Analytics: Enhancing the Quality of Higher Education: The regular gathering of student information has created a high level of complexity, and also an incredible opportunity for teachers to enhance student learning experience. The digital information that learners leave online about their interests, engagement and their preferences gives significant measures of information that can be mined to customise their learning experience better. The motivation behind this article is to inspect the quickly developing field of Learning Analytics and to study why and how enormous information will benefit teachers, institutes, online course developers and students as a whole. The research will... 
Digitally-Controlled Frequency Generation Using VariableLength Ring Oscillators: A simple variable-length ring oscillator (VLRO) in which a selectable number of inverters is shunted using bypass transistors is introduced. A range of frequencies can be selected by activating or deactivating the bypass circuitry. LTspice simulations demonstrating the performance are presented. BSIM4 transistor models using 50 nm gate lengths are used in the design of the inverters and bypass transistors. The fundamental frequency generated by each VLRO is determined via Fourier transforms of the output square wave. The data show that the VLRO can effectively generate a wide range of frequencies in a... 
The management of traumatic thoracolumbar spine fractures has been controversial. Most columnar models explain stability based on the sagital profile of the spine. In Denis’ classification, the middle column provides the greatest mechanical stability and bears the greatest axial load of the spine. The load sharing classification scores the extent of damage to the vertebral body, the displacement of fragments at the fracture site, and the amount of corrected kyphosis. Recently, TLICS was devised based upon the currently recognized three most important injury characteristics: radiographic morphology of injury, integrity of the posterior ligamentous complex, and neurological status of the patient.... 
The study of virus is known as virology.It gives brief description about viral – submicroscopic, parasitic particles of genetic material contained in a protein coat and virus like agents. It focuses on the following aspects of viruses: their structure, classification and evolution, their ways to infect and exploit host cells for reproduction, their interaction with host organism physiology and immunity, the diseases they cause, the techniques to isolate and culture them, and their use in research and therapy. Virology is considered to be a subfield of microbiology or of medicine. A major branch of virology is virus classification. Viruses can... 
The study of fungi is known as Mycology. It is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi, including their genetic and biochemical properties, their taxonomy and their use to humans as a source for tinder, traditional medicine, food, and entheogens, as well as their dangers, such as toxicity or infection. For centuries, certain mushrooms have been documented as a folk medicine in China, Japan, and Russia. Although the use of mushrooms in folk medicine is centered largely on the Asian continent, people in other parts of the world like the Middle East, Poland, and Belarus have been... 
Medical microbiology is a branch of medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. The microbes and the branch of microbiology are the most studied due to their great importance to medicine. Medical microbiology studies growth and development of the infectious disease in a patient and in human population known as epidemiology. It is associated to the study of disease pathology and immunology. Similar sections cover virology, mycology, and parasitology. In each section, the introductory chapters stress the mechanisms of infection characteristic of that type of microorganism, thus providing the reader with a framework for understanding... 
The study of bacteria is known as Bacteriology, it is the branch and specialty of biology that studies the morphology, ecology, genetics and biochemistry of bacteria as well as many other aspects related to them. This subdivision of microbiology involves the identification, classification, and characterization of bacterial species. Because of the similarity of thinking and working with microorganisms other than bacteria, such as protozoa, fungi, and viruses, there has been a tendency for the field of bacteriology to extend as microbiology. Bacteriology evolved from physicians needing to apply the germ theory to test the concerns relating to the spoilage of... 
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Hip fracture has been regarded as a significant international health problem because of its negative impacts on things such as Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL). The determinants of HRQOL among patients with hip fracture after surgery during transition of recovery are still not clearly understood. 
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The Journal focuses on blood–brain barrier; targeted drug delivery; nano carriers; transcytosis. The blood–brain barrier is a highly selective semipermeable border that separates the circulating blood from the brain and extracellular fluid in the central nervous system (CNS). 
The 
The Journal focuses 
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Tendinopathy is a common problem in sports medicine which can lead to severe morbidity. Aspirin, as the classical representative of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for its anti‐inflammatory and analgesic actions, has been commonly used in treating tendinopathy. While its treatment effects on injury tendon healing are lacking, illuminating the underlying mechanism may provide scientific basis for clinical treatment. Firstly, we used immunohistochemistry and qRT‐PCR to detect changes in CD14, CD206, iNOS, IL‐6, IL‐10, MMP‐3, TIMP‐3, Col‐1a1, biglycan, Comp, Fibronectin, TGF‐β1，ACAN，EGR‐1 and FMOD. Next, Western blot was used to measure the protein levels (IL‐6, IL‐10, TGF‐β1, COMP, TIMP‐3, STAT‐3/P‐STAT‐3 and JNK/P‐JNK)... 
Know your Army: Judged and Misjudged 
“Hybrid War” is Bad for Business: Russia Seeks in Vain an Upgrade of its Quasi Alliance with China 
The Importance of Internships: Ensuring Informatics Students’ Future Success 
Conference Announcement on Dermatology & Cosmetology 
The Improvement in Mechanical Properties of Coconut Shell Powder as Filter in HDPE Composites 
The Challenge of Non Fouling Surfaces: Polymers could be the Answer 
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in a Cat 
Impact of Helminth Parasites on Length-weight Ratio and Condition Factor of Fishes in Ajiwa and Jibia Reservoirs, Katsina State, Nigeria